On the Impact Monitoring of Near-Earth Objects: Mathematical Tools, Algorithms, and Challenges for the Future

The Impact Monitoring (IM) of Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) is a young field research, considering that 22 years ago precise algorithms to compute an impact probability with the Earth did not exist. On other hand, year 2020 just passed saw increase IM operational systems: in addition two historical systems, CLOMON2 (University Pisa/SpaceDyS) and Sentry (JPL/NASA), European Space Agency (ESA) started its own system AstOD. Moreover, last five three systems for detection imminent impactors (small asteroidal objects detected few days before possible Earth) have been developed: SCOUT (at JPL/NASA), NEORANGER University Helsinki) NEOScan Pisa/SpaceDyS). science, being useful planetary protection, very fascinating research because it involves astronomy, physics, mathematics computer science. In this paper I am going review mathematical tools highlighting evolution challenges be faced future.